                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
              POLITY III: REGIME TYPE AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY,                    
                                 1800-1994                                        
                                                                                  
                                (ICPSR 6695)                                      
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                           Principal Investigators                                
                                                                                  
                                Keith Jaggers                                     
                      University of Colorado at Boulder                           
                       Department of Political Science                            
                                     and                                          
                               Ted Robert Gurr                                    
                   University of Maryland at College Park                         
          Center for International Development and Conflict Management            
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                            Second ICPSR Version                                  
                               September 1996                                     
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                       Inter-university Consortium for                            
                        Political and Social Research                             
                                P.O. Box 1248                                     
                          Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106                               
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
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                             BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION                               
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
            Publications  based  on  ICPSR  data  collections  should             
            acknowledge  those  sources  by  means  of  bibliographic             
            citations.  To ensure that such source  attributions  are             
            captured  for  social  science  bibliographic  utilities,             
            citations must appear in footnotes or  in  the  reference             
            section  of publications.  The bibliographic citation for             
            this data collection is:                                              
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                 Jaggers, Keith, and  Ted  Robert  Gurr.  POLITY                  
                 III:  REGIME  CHANGE  AND  POLITICAL AUTHORITY,                  
                 1800-1994 [Computer file]. 2nd  ICPSR  version.                  
                 Boulder,  CO:  Keith  Jaggers/College Park, MD:                  
                 Ted Robert Gurr [producers], 1995.  Ann  Arbor,                  
                 MI:  Inter-university  Consortium for Political                  
                 and Social Research [distributor], 1996.                         
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                REQUEST FOR INFORMATION ON USE OF ICPSR RESOURCES                 
                                                                                  
            To provide funding agencies  with  essential  information             
            about  use  of  archival  resources and to facilitate the             
            exchange  of  information   about   ICPSR   participants'             
            research activities, users of ICPSR data are requested to             
            send to ICPSR bibliographic citations for each  completed             
            manuscript or thesis abstract. Please indicate in a cover             
            letter which data were used.                                          
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                 DATA DISCLAIMER                                  
                                                                                  
            The original  collector  of  the  data,  ICPSR,  and  the             
            relevant  funding  agency bear no responsibility for uses             
            of this collection or for interpretations  or  inferences             
            based upon such uses.                                                 
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
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                         DATA COLLECTION DESCRIPTION                              
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
     Keith Jaggers and Ted Robert Gurr                                            
          POLITY III: REGIME TYPE  AND  POLITICAL  AUTHORITY,  1800-1994          
     (ICPSR 6695)                                                                 
                                                                                  
     SUMMARY: This dataset, a modified and updated version of POLITY II:          
     POLITICAL  STRUCTURES  AND  REGIME  CHANGE, 1800-1986 (ICPSR 9263),          
     focuses on indicators of political authority and  regime  type  for          
     177  members  of  the  international  system. Variables include two          
     indicators of regime  type  (autocracy  and  democracy)  and  eight          
     indicators   of   political   authority  (regulation  of  executive          
     recruitment, competitiveness of executive recruitment, openness  of          
     executive   recruitment,  monocratism,  constraints  on  the  chief          
     executive, regulation of political  participation,  competitiveness          
     of political participation, and centralization of state authority).          
                                                                                  
     UNIVERSE: Annual observations from 1800 to 1994  of  20  historical          
     countries   and   157   contemporary   countries  encompassing  all          
     independent members of the international system with populations of          
     greater than 500,000 in the early 1990s.                                     
                                                                                  
     NOTE: The variables in Part 1, Raw Data File, are  in  list  format          
     with data values separated by one or more blanks.                            
                                                                                  
     EXTENT OF COLLECTION: 1 data file + machine-readable  documentation          
     (text)                                                                       
                                                                                  
     EXTENT OF PROCESSING: UNDOCCHK.ICPSR/ MDATA.PR                               
                                                                                  
     DATA FORMAT: Logical Record Length with SPSS export file                     
                                                                                  
     Part 1: Raw Data File                   Part 2: SPSS Export File             
     File Structure: rectangular             Record Length: 80                    
     Cases: 13,908                                                                
     Variables: 14                                                                
     Record Length: 60                                                            
     Records Per Case: 1                                                          
                                                                                  
     RELATED PUBLICATIONS:                                                        
          Jaggers, Keith, and Ted  Robert  Gurr.  "Tracking  Democracy's          
     Third Wave With the Polity III Data." JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH 32,          
     4 (1995), 469-482.                                                           
          Gurr,  Ted  Robert,  Keith  Jaggers,  and  Will  Moore.   "The          
     Transformation  of  the  Western  State:  The  Growth of Democracy,          
     Autocracy, and State Power  Since  1800."  STUDIES  IN  COMPARATIVE          
     INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 25 (1), 73-108.                                    
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
          Gurr,  Ted  Robert.  "Persistence  and  Change  in   Political          
     Systems,  1800-1971."  AMERICAN  POLITICAL  SCIENCE  REVIEW 68 (4),          
     1482-1504.                                                                   
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                 
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                           ----------------------                                 
                          * POLITY III CODE BOOK *                                
                           ----------------------                                 
by Keith Jaggers                                                                  
Department of Political Science                                                   
University of Colorado                                                            
Boulder, CO 80309-0333                                                            
                                                                                  
and Ted Robert Gurr                                                               
Center for International Develoment and Conflict Management                       
Tydings Hall                                                                      
University of Maryland                                                            
College Park, MD 20742-7231                                                       
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
December 1995 (with May and June 1996 cleanings)                                  
                                                                                  
This is a cleaned version of the Polity III data (June 1996).  It has             
been cleaned by Michael D. Ward and Kristian S. Gleditsch at the                  
University of Colorado (May 1996).  A note concerning the cleaning is             
included at the back of this manual.                                              
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
I. OVERVIEW OF DATASET                                                            
                                                                                  
    The Polity III dataset is a modified and updated version of the widely        
 used Polity II dataset (ICPSR89).  Polity III updates and, in some               
instances, alters the Polity II data (on the modifications see JPR95).            
Included in the Polity III time-series dataset are two indicators of              
regime type (Autocracy and Democracy) and eight indicators of political           
authority (Regulation of Executive Recruitment, Competitiveness of                
Executive Recruitment, Openness of Executive Recruitment,                         
Monocratism, Constraints on Chief Executive, Regulation of Political              
Participation, Competitiveness of Political Participation, and                    
Centralization of State Authority).  For detailed descriptions of the             
variables, coding categories, and coding procedures see ICPSR89.                  
                                                                                  
    Not included in this version of the Polity data are the Scope,                
State Power, Coherence, and Institutional Persistence variables.                  
Information on "polity" change, formation and termination are also not            
included.  The Polity II dataset includes these variables through 1986.           
                                                                                  
II. SPATIAL-TEMPORAL DOMAIN                                                       
                                                                                  
    The Polity III dataset includes all independent members of the                
international system with populations of greater than 500,000 in the              
early 1990s.  Authority characteristics and regime type data are coded            
annually beginning in 1800, for states that were then independent, or             
from the year in which the state first gained effective autonomy.  Data           
for all variables is reported through 1994, or the year in which the              
state ceased to be part of the international state system.  The Polity III        
dataset includes 157 contemporary states.                                         
                                                                                  
III. KEY CITATIONS                                                                
                                                                                  
    * For additional information on the Polity project and data                   
    see the following articles:                                                   
                                                                                  
      JPR95: Keith Jaggers and Ted R. Gurr. 1995. "Tracking Democracy's           
      Third Wave with the Polity III Data." Journal of Peace Research             
      32(4):469-482.                                                              
                                                                                  
      SCID90: Ted Robert Gurr, Keith Jaggers and Will Moore. 1990.                
      "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy,          
      Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." Studies in Comparative              
      International Development 25(1):73-108.                                     
                                                                                  
      ICPSR89: "Polity II Codebook." Available from the Inter-University          
      Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), Ann Arbor, Mich.      
      (313) 763-5010.                                                             
                                                                                  
      APSR74: Ted Robert Gurr. 1974. "Persistence and Change in Political         
      Systems, 1800-1971." American Political Science Review 68(4):               
      1482-1504. (APSR74)                                                         
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
IV. VARIABLES                                                                     
                                                                                  
    * Field 1:  Country Code Year                                                 
    * Field 2:  Country Code Number                                               
    * Field 3:  Country Name                                                      
    * Field 4:  Year                                                              
                                                                                  
------------------------------------------------------------------------          
For all subsequent variables:                                                     
                                                                                  
    * -66 = Interruption                                                          
                                                                                  
              ** Country occupied by foreign powers during wartime with           
                 no fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war              
                 political structures.                                            
              ** Short-lived attempts at the creation of ethnic, religious,       
                 or regional federations.                                         
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
    * -77 = Interregnum                                                           
                                                                                  
              ** Collapse of central political authority as a result of           
                 internal war.                                                    
              ** Country occupied by foreign powers during wartime with           
                 fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war                 
                 political structures.                                            
                                                                                  
    * -88 = Transition                                                            
                                                                                  
              ** Period during which new institutions are planned, legally        
                 constituted, and put into effect.  Democratic and quasi-         
                 democratic polities are particularly likely to be so             
                 established, in a procedure involving constitutional             
                 conventions and referenda.                                       
                                                                                  
    * -99 = Information Unknown                                                   
-------------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                  
    * Field 5: Autocracy Score (AUTOC):                                           
                                                                                  
        11-point scale: 0 = low autocracy; 10 = high autocracy.                   
                                                                                  
        For more information see SCID90(pp.84-85) and JPR95(pp.471-472).          
                                                                                  
    * Field 6: Democracy Score (DEMOC):                                           
                                                                                  
        11-point scale: 0 = low democracy; 10 = high democracy                    
                                                                                  
        For more information see SCID90(pp.83-84) and JPR95(pp.471-472).          
                                                                                  
    * Field 7: Executive Recruitment Regulation (XRREG):                          
                                                                                  
        Institutionalized procedures regarding the transfer of executive          
        power:                                                                    
                                                                                  
               (1) = Unregulated                                                  
               (2) = Designation/Transitional                                     
               (3) = Regulated                                                    
                                                                                  
        For more information see SCID90(p.81).                                    
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
    * Field 8: Executive Recruitment Competition (XRCOMP):                        
                                                                                  
        Extent to which executives are chosen through competitive elections:      
                                                                                  
               (0) = Unregulated                                                  
               (1) = Selection                                                    
               (2) = Dual/Transitional                                            
               (3) = Election                                                     
                                                                                  
        For more information see SCID90(pp.81-82).                                
                                                                                  
    * Field 9: Executive Recruitment Openness (XROPEN):                           
                                                                                  
        Opportunity for non-elites to attain executive office:                    
                                                                                  
               (0) = Unregulated                                                  
               (1) = Closed                                                       
               (2) = Dual/Designation                                             
               (3) = Dual/Election                                                
               (4) = Open                                                         
                                                                                  
        For more information see SCID90(p.82).                                    
                                                                                  
    * Field 10: Monocratism (MONO):                                               
                                                                                  
        Institutional (de jure) independence of chief executive:                  
                                                                                  
               (1) = Pure individual                                              
               (2) = Intermediate category                                        
               (3) = Qualified individual                                         
               (4) = Intermediate category                                        
               (5) = Collective executive                                         
                                                                                  
        For more information see SCID90(pp.82-83).                                
                                                                                  
    * Field 11: Executive Constraints (XCONST):                                   
                                                                                  
        Operational (de facto) independence of chief executive:                   
                                                                                  
               (1) = Unlimited authority                                          
               (2) = Intermediate category                                        
               (3) = Slight to moderate limitations                               
               (4) = Intermediate category                                        
               (5) = Substantial limitations                                      
               (6) = Intermediate category                                        
               (7) = Executive parity or subordination                            
                                                                                  
        For more information see SCID90(p.80).                                    
                                                                                  
    * Field 12: Regulation of Participation (PARREG):                             
                                                                                  
        Development of institutional structures for political expression:         
                                                                                  
               (1) = Unregulated                                                  
               (2) = Factional/Transitional                                       
               (3) = Factional/Restricted                                         
               (4) = Restricted                                                   
               (5) = Institutionalized                                            
                                                                                  
        For more information see SCID90(pp.78-79).                                
                                                                                  
    * Field 13: Competitiveness of Participation (PARCOMP):                       
                                                                                  
        Extent to which non-elites are able to access institutional               
        structures of political expression:                                       
                                                                                  
               (0) = Unregulated                                                  
               (1) = Suppressed                                                   
               (2) = Restricted/Transitional                                      
               (3) = Factional                                                    
               (4) = Transitional                                                 
               (5) = Competitive                                                  
                                                                                  
        For more information see SCID90(pp.79-80).                                
                                                                                  
    * Field 14: Centralization of State Authority (CENT):                         
                                                                                  
        Geographic concentration of decision-making authority:                    
                                                                                  
               (1) = Unitary                                                      
               (2) = Intermediate category                                        
               (3) = Federal                                                      
                                                                                  
        For more information see SCID90(pp.82-83).                                
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
V. COUNTRY CODES AND NAMES                                                        
                                                                                  
 * WESTERN HEMISPHERE:                                                            
                                                                                  
002 USA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA                                                  
020 CAN CANADA                                                                    
040 CUB CUBA                                                                      
041 HAI HAITI                                                                     
042 DOM DOMINICAN REPUBLIC                                                        
051 JAM JAMAICA                                                                   
052 TRI TRINDIDAD                                                                 
070 MEX MEXICO                                                                    
089 UPC UNITED PROVINCE OF CENTRAL AMERICA                                        
090 GUA GUATEMALA                                                                 
091 HON HONDURAS                                                                  
092 SAL EL SALVADOR                                                               
093 NIC NICARAGUA                                                                 
094 COS COSTA RICA                                                                
095 PAN PANAMA                                                                    
099 GCL GRAN COLOMBIA                                                             
100 COL COLUMBIA                                                                  
101 VEN VENEZUELA                                                                 
110 GUY GUYANA                                                                    
130 ECU ECUADOR                                                                   
135 PER PERU                                                                      
140 BRA BRAZIL                                                                    
145 BOL BOLIVIA                                                                   
150 PAR PARAGUAY                                                                  
155 CHL CHILE                                                                     
160 ARG ARGENTINA                                                                 
165 URU URUGUAY                                                                   
                                                                                  
 * EUROPE:                                                                        
                                                                                  
200 UK UNITED KINGDOM                                                             
205 IRE IRELAND                                                                   
210 NTH NETHERLANDS                                                               
211 BEL BELGIUM                                                                   
212 LUX LUXEMBOURG                                                                
220 FRN FRANCE                                                                    
225 SWZ SWITZERLAND                                                               
230 SPN SPAIN                                                                     
235 POR PORTUGAL                                                                  
245 BAV BAVARIA                                                                   
255 GMY GERMANY/PRUSSIA                                                           
260 GFR (WEST) GERMANY                                                            
265 GDR GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC                                                
267 BAD BADEN                                                                     
269 SAX SAXONY                                                                    
271 WRT WUERTTEMBURG                                                              
290 POL POLAND                                                                    
305 AUS AUSTRIA                                                                   
310 HUN HUNGARY                                                                   
315 CZE CZECHOSLOVAKIA                                                            
316 CZR CZECH REPUBLIC                                                            
317 SLO SLOVAKIA                                                                  
324 SAR SARDINIA                                                                  
325 ITA ITALY/SARDINIA                                                            
327 PAP PAPAL STATES                                                              
329 SIC TWO SICILIES                                                              
332 MOD MODENA                                                                    
335 PMA PARMA                                                                     
337 TUS TUSCANY                                                                   
339 ALB ALBANIA                                                                   
343 MAC MACEDONIA                                                                 
344 CRO CROATIA                                                                   
345 YUG YUGOSLAVIA/SERBIA                                                         
346 BOS BOSNIA HERZOGOVINIA                                                       
349 SLV SLOVINIA                                                                  
350 GRC GREECE                                                                    
352 CYP CYPRUS                                                                    
355 BUL BULGARIA                                                                  
359 MLD MOLDOVA (MOLDOVIA)                                                        
360 RUM RUMANIA                                                                   
365 RUS RUSSIA (USSR)                                                             
366 EST ESTONIA                                                                   
367 LAT LATVIA                                                                    
368 LIT LITHUANIA                                                                 
369 UKR UKRAINE                                                                   
370 BLR BELARUS (BYELORUSSIA)                                                     
371 ARM ARMENIA                                                                   
372 GRG GEORGIA                                                                   
373 AZE AZERBAIJAN                                                                
375 FIN FINLAND                                                                   
380 SWD SWEDEN                                                                    
385 NOR NORWAY                                                                    
390 DEN DENMARK                                                                   
395 ICE ICELAND                                                                   
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
 * AFRICA:                                                                        
                                                                                  
404 GNB GUINEA-BISSAU                                                             
420 GAM GAMBIA                                                                    
432 MLI MALI                                                                      
433 SEN SENEGAL                                                                   
434 BEN BENIN/DAHOMEY                                                             
435 MAA MAURITANIA                                                                
436 NIR NIGER                                                                     
437 IVO IVORY COAST                                                               
438 GUI GUINEA                                                                    
439 BFO BURKINA FASO (UPPER VOLTA)                                                
450 LBR LIBERIA                                                                   
451 SIE SIERRA LEONE                                                              
452 GHA GHANA                                                                     
461 TOG TOGO                                                                      
471 CAO CAMEROUN                                                                  
475 NIG NIGERIA                                                                   
481 GAB GABON                                                                     
482 CEN CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC                                                  
483 CHA CHAD                                                                      
484 CON CONGO                                                                     
490 ZAI ZAIRE                                                                     
500 UGA UGANDA                                                                    
501 KEN KENYA                                                                     
510 TAZ TANZANIA/TANGANYIKA                                                       
516 BUI BURUNDI                                                                   
517 RWA RWANDA                                                                    
520 SOM SOMOLIA                                                                   
530 ETH ETHIOPIA                                                                  
540 ANG ANGOLA                                                                    
541 MZM MOZAMBIQUE                                                                
551 ZAM ZAMBIA                                                                    
552 ZIM ZIMBABWE (RHODESIA)                                                       
553 MAW MALAWI                                                                    
560 SAF SOUTH AFRICA                                                              
564 OFS ORANGE FREE STATE                                                         
565 NAM NAMIBIA                                                                   
570 LES LESOTHO                                                                   
571 BOT BOTSWANA                                                                  
572 SWA SWAZILAND                                                                 
580 MAG MADAGASCAR (MALAGASY)                                                     
581 COM COMOROS                                                                   
590 MAS MAURITIUS                                                                 
                                                                                  
 * MIDDLE EAST:                                                                   
                                                                                  
600 MOR MOROCCO                                                                   
615 ALG ALGERIA                                                                   
616 TUN TUNESIA                                                                   
620 LIB LIBYA                                                                     
625 SUD SUDAN                                                                     
630 IRN IRAN                                                                      
640 TUR TURKEY (and Ottoman Empire)                                               
645 IRQ IRAQ                                                                      
651 EGY EGYPT                                                                     
652 SYR SYRIA                                                                     
660 LEB LEBANON                                                                   
663 JOR JORDAN                                                                    
666 ISR ISRAEL                                                                    
670 SAU SAUDI ARABIA                                                              
678 YAR YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC                                                       
679 YEM YEMEN                                                                     
680 YPR YEMEN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC                                                   
690 KUW KUWAIT                                                                    
692 BAH BAHRAIN                                                                   
696 UAE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES                                                      
698 OMA OMAN                                                                      
                                                                                  
 * ASIA:                                                                          
                                                                                  
700 AFG AFGHANISTAN                                                               
701 TKM TURKMENISTAN                                                              
702 TAJ TAJIKISTAN                                                                
703 KYR KYRGYZSTAN                                                                
704 UZB UZBEKISTAN                                                                
705 KZK KAZAKHSTAN                                                                
710 CHN CHINA                                                                     
712 MON MONGOLIA                                                                  
713 TAW TAIWAN                                                                    
730 KOR KOREA                                                                     
731 PRK DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA                                     
732 ROK REPUBLIC OF KOREA                                                         
740 JPN JAPAN                                                                     
750 IND INDIA                                                                     
760 BHU BHUTAN                                                                    
770 PAK PAKISTAN                                                                  
771 BNG BANGLADESH                                                                
775 MYA MYANMAR (BURMA)                                                           
780 SRI SRI LANKA (CEYLON)                                                        
790 NEP NEPAL                                                                     
800 THI THAILAND                                                                  
811 CAM CAMBODIA (KAMPUCHEA)                                                      
812 LAO LAOS                                                                      
816 DRV DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM                                            
817 RVN REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM                                                       
820 MAL MALAYSIA                                                                  
830 SIN SINGAPORE                                                                 
840 PHI PHILIPPINES                                                               
850 INS INDONESIA                                                                 
                                                                                  
 * OCEANIA:                                                                       
                                                                                  
900 AUL AUSTRALIA                                                                 
910 PNG PAPUA NEW GUINEA                                                          
920 NEW NEW ZEALAND                                                               
950 FJI FIJI                                                                      
                                                                                  
May 1996 Note:                                                                    
The May 1996 Version of the POLITY III Data                                       
                                                                                  
Using the criteria procedures as laid out in the POLITY II codebook               
(Gurr et al. 1989) for computing the institutionalized democracy and              
autocracy scores from the authority characteristics, it was found that            
several entries in the current version of the POLITY III data appear to           
have been miscoded. The new recoded data were generated by an S program           
implementing the coding procedures. The program and the corrections               
were reviewed with the principal POLITY III coder, Keith Jaggers, who             
verified the procedures implemented and the accuracy of the                       
corrections. Here is a list of the major differences.                             
                                                                                  
1) The most dramatic difference in terms of magnitude is that the                 
democracy and autocracy scores were transposed for Russia in 1989. The            
democracy score should be 1 and the autocracy score should be 5 for               
this year, but were reversed in the old version of the data. These                
scores have been reorganized in the May 1996 version of the POLITY III            
data.                                                                             
                                                                                  
2) 1484 cases out of the total of 13907 entries in the POLITY III data            
have been assigned a democracy score that differed by -1 from what the            
correct values should be according to the coding rules. Of these, 1170            
are in the nineteenth century. All the entries in the twentieth century           
are prior to 1945. The countries that have been coded with incorrect              
democracy scores include Afghanistan (1894-1934), Austria (1848-1917),            
Baden (1841-47), Belgium (1932-51), Brazil (1824-88), Bulgaria                    
(1883-85), China (1800-1910), Denmark (1849-1900), Egypt (1923-45),               
France (1814-47), Germany/Prussia (1878-1917), Hungary (1867-1917),               
Iran (1941-45), Iraq (1924-45), Italy (1861-21), Japan (1868-1944),               
Korea (1880-1910), Luxembourg (1867-89), Morocco (1880-1911), Nepal               
(1800-45), Norway (1873-97), Netherlands (1815-1916), Portugal                    
(1834-1909), Rumania (1910-39), Russia (1906-16), Spain (1820-72),                
Sweden (1855-1906), Turkey (1876, 1908-18), United Kingdom (1800-36),             
Wurttemburg (1819-71), Yugoslavia (1921-28, 193940). These are                    
corrected in the May 1996 version of the POLITY III data.                         
                                                                                  
3) 35 cases are coded incorrectly for the autocracy scores. Mexico has            
been assigned an incorrect autocracy of 4 instead of 2 for 1822-33;               
Guatemala has been misclassified between with 4 instead of 5 in                   
1963-65; Panama is assigned 7 and should have had 8 for 1988-89;                  
Argentina which should have had 6 instead of 7 1825-28; and Lesotho               
which should have had 7 rather than eight 1973-85. These are corrected            
in the May 1996 version of the POLITY III data.                                   
                                                                                  
REFERENCES:  Gurr, Ted R.; Keith Jaggers and Will H. Moore. 1989. The             
POLITY II Codebook. University of Colorado at Boulder, Center for                 
Comparative Politics.                                                             
                                                                                  
Kristian S. Gleditsch                                                             
Michael D. Ward                                                                   
Keith Jaggers                                                                     
Ted R. Gurr                                                                       
                                                                                  
These data are temporarily available via anonymous ftp to isere.colorado.edu      
and will be deposited at the ICPSR.                                               
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
June 1996 Note:                                                                   
                                                                                  
Additionally, a duplicate entry and two ommissions were discovered in June 1996.  
The year 1876 was entered twice for South Korea (case 7301876), and 1858 for      
the Orange Free State (case 5641858) and 1922 for Egypt (case 6511922) were       
missing. The extra South Korea case has been deleted and the missing              
observations filled in with the appropriate observations.  Previous versions      
of Polity III cited 13,907 as the total number of cases; this is now              
13,908 observations.                                                              
